- Michael van der Galien – Global Warming Hits America: Record Snowfall – Poligazette 15/01/2009 – http://www.poligazette.com/2009/01/15/global-warming-hits-america-record-snowfall/
“Global warming continues to cause trouble to this tiny, blue planet: A new record was set Wednesday when Chicago had its ninth consecutive day of measurable snowfall and Flint, Michigan, broke a 95-year-old record early Wednesday morning when the temperature plummeted to a frigid 19 below zero. The previous record? Minus 10, set in 1914. It was expected to be -9 Thursday, with a 20 below zero wind chill, in Flint. It will be -5 Friday, while wind chills could reach below 25 again as soon as Saturday. Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days. Global warming sure is… cold!” - IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – 3.4.2.1: Surface and Lower-Tropospheric Water Vapour – http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-4-2-1.html
- Ben Santer et al (2007) – Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS 104:15248–15253 doi: 10.1073 pnas.0702872104 – Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
“Data from the satellite-based Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) show that the total atmospheric moisture content over oceans has increased by 0.41 kg/m2 per decade since 1988. Results from current climate models indicate that water vapor increases of this magnitude cannot be explained by climate noise alone … Experiments in which forcing factors are varied individually suggest that this fingerprint ‘‘match’’ is primarily due to humancaused increases in greenhouse gases and not to solar forcing or recovery from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Our findings provide preliminary evidence of an emerging anthropogenic signal in the moisture content of earth’s atmosphere.” - Pavel Ya. Groisman et al (2004) – Contemporary Changes of the Hydrological Cycle over the Contiguous United States Trends Derived from In Situ Observations – Journal of Hydrometeorology 5:64-85 – Published online: 15/10/2003 – National Climatic Data Center
“Over the contiguous United States, precipitation, temperature, streamflow, and heavy and very heavy precipitation have increased during the twentieth century. In the east, high streamflow has increased as well. Soil wetness (as described by the Keetch–Byram Drought index) has increased over the northern and eastern regions of the United States, but in the southwestern quadrant of the country soil dryness has increased, making the region more susceptible to forest fires. In addition to these changes during the past 50 yr, increases in evaporation, near-surface humidity, total cloud cover, and low stratiform and cumulonimbus clouds have been observed. Snow cover has diminished earlier in the year in the west, and a decrease in near-surface wind speed has also occurred in many areas. Much of the increase in heavy and very heavy precipitation has occurred during the past three decades.” - Alexander et al (2006) – Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation – Global extreme indices (British Crown Copyright) 31/05/2005 – Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center(ASMERC), Iran
“A suite of climate change indices derived from daily temperature and precipitation data were calculated, primarily focusing on extreme events. By setting an exact formula for each index and using specially designed software, analyses done in different countries have been combined seamlessly. We present the most up to date and comprehensive global picture of trends in extreme temperature and precipitation indices using results from a number of workshops held in data sparse regions and high quality station data supplied by numerous scientists world wide … The analysis shows a significant warming throughout the 20th century. Temperature differences are particularly pronounced between the most recent two periods and for those indices related to minimum temperature. An analysis of those indices for which seasonal timeseries are available shows that these changes occur for all seasons although they are least pronounced for September to November. Precipitation indices show a tendency towards wetter conditions … This implies a positive shift in the distribution of daily minimum temperature throughout the globe. becoming considerably less cold rather than considerably hotter. Precipitation changes were much less coherent but annual precipitation did show a widespread significant increase.” - Pavel Ya. Groisman et al (2008) – Trends in Intense Precipitation in the Climate Record – Journal of Climate, Febrero 2006 – University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, and NOAA/National Climate Data Center
“It was found that both the empirical evidence from the period of instrumental observations and model projections of a greenhouse-enriched atmosphere indicate an increasing probability of intense precipitation events for many extratropical regions including the United States. Although there can be ambiguity as to the impact of more frequent heavy precipitation events, the thresholds of the definitions of these events were raised here, such that they are likely to be disruptive. Unfortunately, reliable assertions of very heavy and extreme precipitation changes are possible only for regions with dense networks due to the small radius of correlation for many intense precipitation events.” - Kenneth E. Kunkel (2008) – Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate: Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands – Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.3 – U.S. Climate Change Science Program
“Long-term upward trends in the frequency of unusually warm nights, extreme precipitation episodes, and the length of the frost-free season, along with pronounced recent increases in the frequency of North Atlantic tropical cyclones (hurricanes), the length of the frost-free season, and extreme wave heights along the West Coast are notable changes in the North American climate record.” - Stanley A. Changnon (2006) – Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Snowstorms in the Contiguous United States – Journal of Applied Meteorology And Climatology 1141-1155 – Agosto 2006 – Changnon Climatologist, Mahomet, Illinois
“The peak periods of storm activity in the United States occurred during 1911–20 and 1971–80, and the lowest frequency was in 1931–40. Snowstorms first occur in September in the Rockies, in October in the high plains, in November across most of the United States, and in December in the Deep South. The month with the season’s last storms is December in the South and then shifts northward, with April the last month of snowstorms across most of the United States. Storms occur as late as May and June in the Rockies and Cascades. Snowstorms are most frequent in December downwind of the Great Lakes, with the peak of activity in January for most other areas of the United States.”
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